宁家河流域径流与洪水特性分析

从宁家河流域自然地理、气候特征、河流概况、降水等自然特性,论述了宁家河流域径流的年内、年际变化规律,洪水类型和洪水成因;全面分析了宁家河流域的环境与水文特征。     

Multiple-reason decision making based on automatic processing.

It has been repeatedly shown that in decisions under time constraints, individuals predominantly use noncompensatory strategies rather than complex compensatory ones. The authors argue that these findings might be due not to limitations of cognitive capacity but instead to limitations of information search imposed by the commonly used experimental tool Mouselab (J. W. Payne, J. R. Bettman, & E. J. Johnson, 1988). The authors tested this assumption in 3 experiments. In the 1st experiment, information was openly presented, whereas in the 2nd experiment, the standard Mouselab program was used under different time limits. The results indicate that individuals are able to compute weighted additive decision strategies extremely quickly if information search is not restricted by the experimental procedure. In a 3rd experiment, these results were replicated using more complex decision tasks, and the major alternative explanations that individuals use more complex heuristics or that they merely encode the constellation of cues were ruled out. In sum, the findings challenge the fundaments of bounded rationality and highlight the importance of automatic processes in decision making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

海绵铁除氧技术在热水管线内防腐蚀中的应用

分析了油田伴热水管线内腐蚀严重的原因,论述了防止热水管线内腐蚀的机理,介绍了海绵铁除氧技术防止热水管线内腐蚀方法,在现场应用取得了好的效果,对预防各种热力系统水管线的内腐蚀很有借鉴意义。     

一种改进的地震波初至走时逆风差分算法

自Vidale提出有限差分解程函方程的初至波走时计算方法以来，由于最初算法的局限性，又有许多作者提出了改进的算法，主要包括基于波阵面的扩展以及逆风差分算法，这些改进的算法在井间走时计算方面是有效的。但是，在进行初至波走时层析成像研究的过程中发现，利用以往的算法对震源与检波点位于地表的模型进行计算的时候，如果存在速度差异较大的水平分界面时，在速度界面附近的走时计算结果会出现较大的误差，从而影响成像的精度。提出了一种改进的地震波走时计算的逆风差分算法，通过考虑首波和散射波的走时，能有效地减小速度值差异较大的近地表地质模型的走时计算误差，准确地描述速度界面上折射波的滑行描述，特别适用于近地表层析成像及地震勘探中的静校正问题。     

大隆水利枢纽工程水情自动测报系统及其作用

介绍了大隆水利枢纽工程水情自动测报系统的组成及特点，阐述了系统在工程中的重要作用。系统建成后遭遇了3次热带气旋，其信息采集、传输、洪水预报等各环节均经受了严峻的考验。通过实际运行证明本系统是安全、稳定、可靠的，其在防洪度汛中具有不可替代的重要作用。     

基于Budyko假设的黄河流域水热耦合平衡规律研究

本文通过对黄河流域内63个子流域的年降水、径流深及实际蒸散发和蒸发能力的分析，证实了基于Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡关系是成立的。根据各子流域的长期水量平衡结果拟合并检验了水热耦合平衡模型中的唯一参数，结果显示，该参数具有显著的区域分布规律，黄土高原区平均为3.22，青藏高原区平均为2.27。 同时，研究结果表明，模型参数综合反映了流域的下垫面条件，并提出了根据流域相对入渗能力、相对植被-土壤有效蓄水能力和流域平均坡度估算模型参数的经验公式。     

互联网环境下工程质量管理的变革

随着 ICT 的发展及其在工程建造中的广泛应用,特别是物联网、大数据和云计算等先进 ICT 在工程建造中的应用,互联网+的理念逐渐融入到工程建造管理领域。传统的质量管理理念、管理模式、管理方法正发生变革,这包括大数据分析技术推动下质量数据分析方法的飞跃性进步;以 BIM 为基础,结合嵌入式传感器、RFID、物联网等技术,实现工程全生命周期的质量管理与质量追溯;实时获得质量信息,结合人工智能技术实现质量检测计划的快速自动生成,以及三维实时建模与分析技术和质量控制方法,实现工程过程质量实时控制。     

One‐dimensional photogeneration profiles in silicon solar cells with pyramidal texture

The key metric of surface texturing is the short‐circuit current J_sc. It depends on front surface transmittance, light trapping and the spatial profiles of photogeneration G and collection efficiency η_c. To take advantage of a one‐dimensional profile of η_c(ζ), where ζ is the shortest distance to the p–n junction, we determine G(ζ) via ray tracing. This permits rigorous optical assessment of common pyramidal textures for various cell designs. When ζ is small, G(ζ) is largest beneath regular inverted pyramids, upright pyramids (regular or random) and planar surfaces, respectively. This higher G(ζ) results in superior collection of generated carriers in front‐junction cells. In simulations of a conventional screen‐print cell, 92.0% of generated carriers are collected for inverted pyramids, compared to 91.4% for upright pyramids, and 90.0% for a planar surface. Higher efficiency and rear junction devices are analysed in the paper. Despite differences in G(ζ) beneath textures, inverted pyramids achieve the highest J_sc for all cell designs examined (marginally so for high‐efficiency rear‐contact cells) due to superior front surface transmittance and light trapping. We assess a common one‐dimensional model for photogeneration beneath textured surfaces. This model underestimates G(ζ) when ζ is small, and overestimates G(ζ) when ζ is large. As a result, the generation current determined is inaccurate for thin substrates. It can be computed to within 3% error for 250 µm thick substrates. However, errors in G(ζ) can lead to 7.5% inaccuracy in calculations of J_sc. Errors are largest for lower efficiency designs, in which collection efficiency varies through the substrate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震折射层析法在隧洞围岩松动圈测试中的应用

隧道围岩松动圈的测试对某些变形严重的围岩段的施工设计有着重要的意义。它的形成是由施工方法和围岩的地质特性所决定的。它由松动圈、过渡带和原岩三层组成。它的层状特性是开展地震折射层析方法的地球物理基础。与其它折射解释方法相比,层析法可以更精细地描绘松动圈起伏变化的地质情况,特别是透射严重和过渡带速度渐变的情况。在某些情况下,测试结果还可反映出隧道中构造应力的方向。文章介绍了SeisImager软件中折射层析算法的基本原理和最小走时树方法。通过该方法在某隧道围岩松动圈测试中的应用效果,说明了层析法有无可比拟的优点。